Friday 21 September 2018

The $1000 bill printed in 1891 depicting Major General George Gordon Meade on its face was sold for $2.5 million in April 2013, in part due to its rarity and age, and partly due to the hands it had passed through during history, making it one of the world’s most expensive banknotes ever sold.
by :- mentalfloss

Thursday 20 September 2018

One of the coin that was so rare in India is 1839 Victoria coin.This was a plan coin that most attract to the collector,its authentication define its trade mark which was surface of the one side of the coin.One side define a image of Victoria & another side its define trade mark &  value of the coin.Fake coin must make by cheater but never made a real good forgeries.Same rule is applied  here its surface must smooth never rough. Its trade mark was little different from another you can easily differentiate. Collector buy it easily with a offer of more than 50,000 rupee.        
                                   

Wednesday 19 September 2018

This coin was a Extremely rare coin & good value.Two different types of mint was published,one is cross flag & another is simple flag. But we have not exact image of cross flag, we have the image of plane flag.
On the coin two flag are their,both of the flag must cross than that should be a rare coin piece.
1835 cross flag have the function, if function is did by coin than its going to be much value instead of  a plan coin. Function coin having price of more than 5 lakh & plane coin having more than 20,000 rupee.
Function : Take half of water in a glass & use 5 drop of Ujala blue(use must be liquid blue ) mix it properly with water & drop the coin in the glass.Take time from 20- 30 minutes, look water & color are differentiate or not. After one hour it must be differ the water & color.
Another function is flame function if coin pull the candle flame than its satisfy.  

Tuesday 18 September 2018

(CONDITION):Written as "ONE NAYA PAISA" ,&  made of brass.
This coin was very rare at that time three mint was published of this design but in that three design coin metal are different types.This combination of metal was very rare. Since for the reason of  in that case collector are need this coin.                                           
This coin are having 40 to 50 thousand rupee value,depend on the condition & grading of this coin.                                            
Most of original coins are already sell between 20 to 30 thousand.
i am not able to find a photo of 1964 "naya paisa" for reference i am giving this. 


Year of  1946,1957,1958 are Interested by collector, mostly 1957 one paisa was rare its value did not consider by collector but its value greater than other two published coin.Same procedure  you applied on this coin touched its surface its never roughed & compared with other published original coin.


Friday 9 March 2018

Kannada with the pride of being one of the oldest languages of the world has numerous interesting things in its womb. The state language of Karnataka and the heart language of Kanandiagas is well-known for its heritage from the time of Ranna and Pampa. From Kuvempu to Kambar, from Dr.Rajkumar to Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, from Gubbi Veeranna to Shankar Nag, we have seen the eminent personalities who have put Karnataka on the global map. You might have read or heard so many things about Karnataka and Kannada but still, the language is so affluent that there are some stories left unsaid and unread. Come let’s know some unknown things about Karnataka and Kannada on today’s read.

Unknown things about Karnataka and Kannada

Kannadigas are the ones who has introduced the taste of popular Breakfast items of India

Did you know that Rava Idli was first prepared in Karnataka? During the world war 2 when there was a lack of rice to prepare the idlis, MTR used Semolina instead of rice and in that experiment we got this delicious breakfast item called Rava Idli.
We also have a pride of introducing the epic Masala Dosa to the world and today we see it’s different varieties being prepared in other parts of the country. From Raagi Mudde, Chitranna, Jolad Rotti, Paddu to Mirchi Bonda and Mysorepak, the taste of Karnataka cuisine makes you die for it.

Karnataka is one of the biggest Coffee exporters of India

With Bababudangiri, Kodagu, Chikmagalur, and Hassan, Karnataka is the darling state when it comes to coffee exports in India.

Other states may have Tirupathi and Amritsar but we have Kukke Subramanya

It is said that Tirupathi and Amritsar are the most crowded religious places in India but Kukke Subramanya of Karnataka has found equally a large number od devotees following. From celebrities to a common man, people visit Kukke to cure their Sarpa Dosha.

The Land of Five Rivers

We all know Punjab as the state of five rivers but what if I say that Karnataka has a city of five rivers. Yes, Vijayapura (Bijapur) has many rivers and streams passing through it, including Krishna, Bhima and Doni rivers.

Engineer’s Day is celebrated in the memory of a Kannadiga

The one name that gives us goosebumps all the time and the one name that is worshiped in the Mandya and Mysore parts of the state is the Great Sir M Visweshwariah. The man behind the KRS dam and many other marvels is the proud Engineer of our state.

Karnataka has over 406 tigers. No.1 in the country

As per the National tiger census report of 2014, Karnataka is the only state in India which has the highest tiger population.
“The southern corridor has contiguous forests, which is a very good tiger habitat. The increased protection and conservation seen over the past decade have started paying the dividend,” said Ravi Ralph, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife).

The Oriental Research Institute of Mysore is State’s pride

Being one of the oldest libraries in India, the oriental research institute of Mysore has the oldest manuscript of Chanakya’s Arthashastra.

ShankarNag’s Ondu Mutthina Kathe

The dynamic Shankar Nag was the first Indian director to shot an underwater scene for the movie Ondu Mutthina Kathe. The movie with the legendary Dr.Rajkumar in a lead role portrays the story of a fisherman being trapped in a pearl deal. If you don’t know, the veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah was the first choice for the lead role but Shankar Nag wanted Dr.Raj to act for him.

Mani Ratnam’s first feature film was in Kannada

Today, we know Maniratnam as the Star director with movies like Roja, Dil Se, Bombay, Iruvar, Guru and other blockbusters to his fame but his first ever feature film was a Kannada movie titled Pallavi Anu Pallavi. Also, it was the first movie for Anil Kapoor in a lead role.

Karnataka prepares the black ink used in Elections

Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited located in Mysore is the only authorized centers having rights to manufacture the indelible black ink used to cast vote during Elections in India.

India’s First Private Radio Station

It is in Karnataka the first ever private Radio station was set up in 1935 by Professor MV Gopalaswamy.

Dr.Rajkumar is the only Indian Superstar to have won the National Award for the Best Play Back Singer

Dr.Rajkumar, the stalwart of Kannada Cinema is the only Indian superstar to bag the National Award for the best playback singer for ‘Nadamaya’. Surprisingly the actor has never won a National award for acting which is quite unfortunate. It is said that the actor has bagged one for ‘Santha Thukarama’ movie but I’m not sure about it.

Karnataka is the only state to have an official permission to manufacture and supply Indian flags

Pingali Venkayya is the proud freedom fighter to design the Indian National flag and Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukhta Sangha in Hubli is the only unit in India that has an official permission to manufacture and supply Indian flags.

Kittur Rani Chennamma was the first woman warrior to rebel against British

We applaud Rani Jhansi Lakshmi Bai’s name as the first women warrior to protest against British but history says that Kittur Rani Channamma of Karnataka was the first brave lady to face British in the war field.
Rani Channamma (1778-1829)
Jhansi Lakshmi Bai (1828-1858)

Mysore palace – The Second most visited tourist spot in India

The Beautiful and alluring Mysore palace is the most visited tourist spot in India, second only to Taj Mahal. If Taj Mahal is an epitome of love then Mysore palace is an exemplification of Karnataka’s culture and tradition.

Kannada is one of those few Indian languages to have a place in Wikipedia logo

Can you see a Kannada letter ‘V’ in the logo? Kannada is the only Indic language represented on the globe. Isn’t it a proud thing to share?

Few other things to know

  • Karnataka’s State Tree – Sandalwood.
  • Karnataka’s State Emblem – Gandaberunda (Two headed bird).
  • Karnataka’s State Bird – Indian Roller.
  • Karnataka’s State Animal – Asian Elephant.
  • Karnataka’s State flower – Sacred Lotus.
So these were the unknown things about Karnataka and Kannada. So how did you liked this? If you know any such interesting things about Kannada and Karnataka then please let me know in the comments below.
PS: There might be misinterpretations about the facts in the background of information we had an access to.

Thursday 8 March 2018

Title: Devanam Priyadarshi
Birth: 304 B.C. 
Birthplace: Pataliputra (modern day Patna)
Dynasty: Maurya
Parents: Bindusara and Devi Dharma
Reign: 268 –232 B.C.
Symbol: Lion
Religion: Buddhism
Spouse: Asandhimitra, Devi, Karuvaki, Padmavati, Tishyaraksha
Children: Mahendra, Sanghamitra, Tivala, Kunala, Charumati
Ashoka was the third ruler of the illustrious Maurya dynasty and was one of the most powerful kings of the Indian subcontinent in ancient times. His reign between 273 BC and 232 B.C. was one of the most prosperous periods in the history of India. Ashoka’s empire consisted most of India, South Asia and beyond, stretching from present day Afghanistan and parts of Persia in the west, to Bengal and Assam in the east, and Mysore in the south. Buddhist literature document Ashoka as a cruel and ruthless monarch who underwent a change of heart after experiencing a particularly gruesome war, the Battle of Kalinga. After the war, he embraced Buddhism and dedicated his life towards dissemination of the tenets of the religion. He became a benevolent king, driving his administration to make a just and bountiful environment for his subjects. Owing to his benevolent nature as a ruler, he was given the title ‘Devanampriya Priyadarshi’. Ashoka and his glorious rule is associated with one of the most prosperous time in the history of India and as a tribute to his non-partisan philosophies, the Dharma Chakra adorning the Ashok stambh has been made a part of the Indian National Flag. The emblem of the Republic of India has been adapted from the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
Early Life
Ashoka was born to Mauryan King Bindusara and his queen Devi Dharma in 304 B.C. He was the grandson of the great Chandragupta Maurya, the founder emperor of the Maurya Dynasty. Dharma (alternatively known as Subhadrangi or Janapadkalyani) was the daughter of a Brahmin priest from the kindom of Champa, and was assigned relatively low position in the royal household owing to politics therein. By virtue of his mother’s position, Ashoka also received a low position among the princes. He had only one younger sibling, Vithashoka, but, several elder half-brothers. Right from his childhood days Ashoka showed great promise in the field of weaponry skills as well as academics. Ashoka’s father Bindusara, impressed with his skill and knowledge, appointed him as the Governer of Avanti. Here he met and married Devi, the daughter of a tradesman from Vidisha. Ashoka and Devi had two children, son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra. 
Asoka quickly grew into an excellent warrior general and an astute statesman. His command on the Mauryan army started growing day by day. Ashoka’s elder brothers became jealous of him and they assumed him being favoured by King Bindusara as his successor to the throne. King Bindusara’s eldest son Sushima convinced his father to send Ashoka far away from the capital city of Pataliputra to Takshashila province. The excuse given was to subdue a revolt by the citizens of Takshashila. However, the moment Ashoka reached the province, the militias welcomed him with open arms and the uprising came to an end without any fight. This particular success of Asoka made his elder brothers, especially Susima, more insecure.
Accession to the Throne
Susima started inciting Bindusara against Ashoka, who was then sent into exile by the emperor. Ashoka went to Kalinga, where he met a fisherwoman named Kaurwaki. He fell in love with her and later, made Kaurwaki his second or third wife. Soon, the province of Ujjain started witnessing a violent uprising. Emperor Bindusara called back Ashoka from exile and sent him to Ujjain. The prince was injured in the ensuing battle and was treated by Buddhist monks and nuns. It was in Ujjain that Asoka first came to know about the life and teachings of Buddha.
In the following year, Bindusura became seriously ill and was literally on his deathbed. Sushima was nominated successor by the king but his autocratic nature made him unfavourable among the ministers. A group of ministers, led by Radhagupta, called upon Ashoka to assume the crown. Following Bindusara’s death in 272 B.C., Ashoka attacked Pataliputra, defeated and killed all his brothers, including Sushima. Among all his brothers he only spared his younger brother Vithashoka. His coronation took place four years after his ascent to throne. Buddhist literatures describe Ashoka as a cruel, ruthless and bad-tempered ruler. He was named ‘Chanda’ Ashoka meaning Ashoka the Terrible, due to his disposition at that time. He was attributed with building Ashoka’s Hell, a torture chamber manned by an executioner to punish offenders. 
After he became the empperor, Ashoka launched brutal assaults to expand his empire, which lasted for around eight years. Although the Maurya Empire that he inherited was quite sizable, he expanded the borders exponentially. His kingdom stretched from Iran-Afghanistan borders in the West to Burma in the east. He annexed the whole of Southern India except Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka). The only kingdom outside his grasp was Kalinga which is the modern day Orissa.

The Battle of Kalinga and Submission to Buddhism
Ashoka launched an assault to conquer Kalinga during 265 B.C. and the battle of Kalinga became a turning point in his life. Ashoka personally led the conquest and secured victory. On his orders, the whole of province was plundered, cities were destroyed and thousands of people were killed. 
The morning after the victory he went out to survey the states of things and encountered nothing except burnt houses and scattered corpses. Having brought face to face with the consequences of war, for the first time he felt overwhelmed with the brutality of his actions. He saw flashes of the destruction that his conquest had wrought even after returning to Pataliputra. He experienced an utter crisis of faith during this period and sought penance for his past deeds. He vowed never to practice violence again and devoted himself completely to Buddhism. He followed the directives of Brahmin Buddhist gurus Radhaswami and Manjushri and started propagating Buddhist principles throughout his kingdom. Thus Chandashoka morphed into Dharmashoka or the pious Ashoka.
Administration of Ashoka
The administration of Ashoka after his spiritual transformation was focused solely on the well-being of his subjects. The emperor was at the helm of the administration following the established model put forward by Mauryan Kings before Ashoka. He was closely assisted in his administrative duties by his younger brother, Vithashoka and a group of trusted ministers, whom Ashoka consulted before adopting any new administrative policy. The most important members of this advisory council included the Yuvaraj (Crown Prince), the Mahamantri (Prime Minister), the Senapati (general), and the Purohita (priest). Asoka’s reign saw introduction of a large number of benevolent policies as compared to his predecessors. He adopted a paternalistic view on administration and proclaimed "All men are my Children", as evident from the Kalinga edict. He also expressed his indebtedness to his subjects for bestowing with their love and respect, and that he considered it his duty to serve for their greater good. 
His kingdom was divided into Pradesha or provinces which were subdivided into Vishyas or subdivisions and Janapadas, which were further subdivided into villages.The five chief provinces under Ashoka’s reign were the Uttarapatha(Northern Province) with its capital at Taxila; Avantiratha (western province) with its headquarters at Ujjain; Prachyapatha (eastern province) with its centre at Toshali and the Dakshinapatha (southern province) with its capital as Suvarnagiri. The central province, Magadha with its capital at Pataliputra was the administrative centre of the empire.  Each province was granted partial autonomy at the hand of a crown prince who was responsible for controlling the overall law enforcement, but the emperor himself retained much of the financial and administrative controls. These provincial heads were altered from time to time to prevent any one of them exerting power over a long period of time. He appointed several Pativedakas or reporters, who would report to him the general and public affairs, leading the king to take necessary steps.
Although Ashoka built his empire on the principles of non-violence, he followed the instructions outlined in the Arthashastra for the characters of the Perfect King. He introduced legal reforms like Danda Samahara and Vyavahara Samahara, clearly pointing out to his subjects the way of life that is to be led by them. The overall judicial and administration were overseen by Amatyas or civil servants whose functions were clearly delineated by the Emperor. The Akshapataladhyaksha was in charge of currency and accounts of the entire administration. The Akaradhyaksha was in-charge of mining and other metallurgical endeavours. The Sulkadhyaksa was in charge of collecting the taxes. The Panyadhyaksha was controller of commerce. The Sitadhyaksha was in charge of agriculture. The emperor employed a network of spies who offered him tactical advantages in diplomatic matters. The administration conducted regular census along with other information as caste and occupation.
Religious Policy: Ashoka’s Dhamma
Ashoka made Buddhism the state religion around 260 B.C. He was perhaps the first emperor in history of India who tried to establish a Buddhist polity by implementing the Dasa Raja Dharma or the ten precepts outlined by Lord Buddha himself as the duty of a perfect ruler. They are enumerated as:
1.To be liberal and avoid selfishness
2. To maintain a high moral character
3. To be prepared to sacrifice one's own pleasure for the well-being of the subjects
4. To be honest and maintain absolute integrity
5. To be kind and gentle
6. To lead a simple life for the subjects to emulate
7.  To be free from hatred of any kind
8. To exercise non-violence
9.  To practice patience
10. To respect public opinion to promote peace and harmony


Ashoka’s Edicts:
1. No living being were to be slaughtered or sacrificed.
2. Medical care for human as well as animals throughout his Empire
3. Monks to tour the empire every five years teaching the principles of dharma to the common people.
4. One should always respect one’s parents, priests and monks
5. Prisoners to be treated humanely
6. He encouraged his subjects to report to him their concerns regarding the welfare of the administration at all times no matter where he is or what he is doing.
7. He welcomed all religions as they desire self-control and purity of heart.
8. He encouraged his subjects to give to monks, Brahmans and to the needy.
9. Reverence for the dharma and a proper attitude towards teachers was considered better than marriage or other worldly celebrations, by the Emperor.
10. Emperor surmised that glory and fame count for nothing if people do not respect the dharma.
11. He considered giving the dharma to others is the best gift anyone can have.
12. Whoever praises his own religion, due to excessive devotion, and condemns others with the thought "Let me glorify my own religion," only harms his own religion. Therefore contact (between religions) is good.
13. Ashoka preached that conquest by the dhamma is superior to conquest by force but if conquest by force is carried out, it should be 'forbearance and light punishment'.
14. The 14 edicts were written so that people might act in accordance with them.
He got these 14 edicts engraved in stone pillars and slabs and had them placed at strategic places around his kingdom.
Role in Dissemination of Buddhism
Throughout his life, 'Asoka the Great' followed the policy of non-violence or ahimsa. Even the slaughter or mutilation of animals was abolished in his kingdom. He promoted the concept of vegetarianism. The caste system ceased to exist in his eyes and he treated all his subjects as equals. At the same time, each and every person was given the rights to freedom, tolerance, and equality. 
The third council of Buddhism was held under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka. He also supported the Vibhajjavada sub-school of the Sthaviravada sect, now known as the Pali Theravada. 
He sent missionaries to far of places to propagate the ideals of Buddhism and inspire people to live by the teachings of Lord Buddha. He even engaged members of the royal family, including his son and daughter, Mahendra and Sanghamitra, to carry out duties of Buddhist missionaries. His missionaries went to the below mentioned places - Seleucid Empire (Middle Asia), Egypt, Macedonia, Cyrene (Libya), and Epirus (Greece and Albania). He also sent dignitaries all over his empire to propagate his ideals of Dhamma based on Buddhist philosophy. Some of these are listed as follows:
  • Kashmir - Gandhara Majjhantika
  • Mahisamandala (Mysore) - Mahadeva
  • Vanavasi (Tamil Nadu) - Rakkhita
  • Aparantaka (Gujarat and Sindh) - Yona Dhammarakkhita
  • Maharattha (Maharashtra) - Mahadhammarakkhita
  • "Country of the Yona" (Bactria/ Seleucid Empire) - Maharakkhita
  • Himavanta (Nepal) - Majjhima
  • Suvannabhumi (Thailand/ Myanmar) - Sona and Uttara
  • Lankadipa (Sri Lanka) - Mahamahinda
Demise
After ruling over the Indian subcontinent for a period of approximately 40 years, the Great Emperor Asoka left for the holy abode in 232 BC. After his death, his empire lasted just fifty more years.
Ashoka’s Legacy
Buddhist Emperor Asoka built thousands of Stupas and Viharas for Buddhist followers. One of his stupas, the Great Sanchi Stupa, has been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNECSO. The Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath has a four-lion capital, which was later adopted as the national emblem of the modern Indian republic.
Based on these 10 principles preached by Lord Buddha, Ashoka dictated the practice of Dharma that became the backbone of his philanthropic and tolerant administration. Dharma was neither a new religion nor a new political philosophy. It was a way of life, outlined in a code of conduct and a set of principles that he encouraged his subjects to adopt to lead a peaceful and prosperous life. He undertook the propagation of these philosophies through publication of 14 edicts that he spread out throughout his empire.

आदर्शवादी तथा बहुमुखी प्रतिभा सम्पन्न, मानव सभ्यता का अग्रदूत तथा प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास का दैदिप्त्यमान सितारा अशोक एक महान सम्राट था। सभी इतिहासकारों की दृष्टी से अशोक का शासनकाल स्वर्णिम काल कहलाता है।
अशोक बिंदुसार का पुत्र था , बौद्ध ग्रन्थ दीपवंश में बिन्दुसार की 16 पत्नियों एवं 101 पुत्रों का जिक्र है। अशोक की माता का नाम शुभदाग्री था। बिंदुसार ने अपने सभी पुत्रों को बेहतरीन शिक्षा देने की व्यवस्था की थी। लेकिन उन सबमें अशोक सबसे श्रेष्ठ और बुद्धिमान था। प्रशासनिक शिक्षा के लिये बिंदुसार ने अशोक को उज्जैन का सुबेदार नियुक्त किया था। अशोक बचपन से अत्यन्त मेघावी था। अशोक की गणना विश्व के महानतम् शासकों में की जाती है।

सुशीम बिंदुसार का सबसे बड़ा पुत्र था लेकिन बिंदुसार के शासनकाल में ही तक्षशीला में हुए विद्रोह को दबाने में वह अक्षम रहा। बिंदुसार ने अशोक को तक्षशीला भेजा। अशोक वहाँ शांति स्थापित करने में सफल रहा। अशोक अपने पिता के शासनकाल में ही प्रशासनिक कार्यों में सफल हो गया था। जब 273 ई.पू. में बिंदुसार बीमार हुआ तब अशोक उज्जैन का सुबेदार था।

पिता की बिमारी की खब़र सुनते ही वह पाटलीपुत्र के लिये रवाना हुआ लेकिन रास्ते में ही अशोक को पिता बिंदुसार के मृत्यु की ख़बर मिली। पाटलीपुत्र पहुँचकर उसे उन लोगों का सामना करना पड़ा जो उसे पसंद नही करते थे। युवराज न होने के कारण अशोक उत्तराधिकार से भी बहुत दूर था। लेकिन अशोक की योग्यता इस बात का संकेत करती थी कि अशोक ही बेहतर उत्तराधिकारी था। बहुत से लोग अशोक के पक्ष में भी थे। अतः उनकी मदद से एंव चार साल के कड़े संघर्ष के बाद 269 ई.पू. में अशोक का औपचारिक रूप से राज्यभिषेक हुआ।
अशोक ने प्रशाश्कीय क्षेत्र में जिस त्याग, दानशीलता तथा उदारता का परिचय दिया एवं मानव को नैतिक स्तर उठाने की प्रेरणा दी वो विश्व इतिहास में कहीं और देखने को नही मिलती है। अशोक ने शासन को सुचारू रूप से चलाने के लिये अनेक सुधार किये और अनेक धर्म-महापात्रों की नियुक्ति की। अशोक अपनी जनता को अपनी संतान की तरह मानता था। उसने जनहित के लिये प्रांतीय राजुकों को नियुक्त किया। अशोक के छठे लेख से ये स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि वो कुशल प्रशासक था। उसका संदेश था –
प्रत्येक समय मैं चाहे भोजन कर रहा हूँ या शयनागार में हूँ, प्रतिवेदक प्रजा की स्थिति से मुझे अवगत करें। मैं सर्वत्र कार्य करूंगा प्रजा हित मेरा कर्तव्य है और इसका मूल उद्योग तथा कार्य तत्परता है।
अशोक की योग्यता का ही परिणाम था कि उसने 40 वर्षों तक कुशलता से शासन किया, यही वजह है कि सदियों बाद; आज भी लोग अशोक को एक अच्छे शाशक के रूप में याद करते हैं।
अशोक युद्ध के लिये इतना प्रसिद्ध नही हुआ जितना एक धम्म विजेता के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हुआ। वह न केवल मानव वरन सम्पूर्ण प्राणी जगत के प्रति उदारता का दृष्टीकोण रखता था। इसी कारण उसने पशु पक्षियों के वध पर प्रतिबंध लगा दिया था। अशोक ने लोकहित के लिये छायादार वृक्ष, धर्मशालाएं बनवाई तथा कुएं भी खुदवाये। उसने मनुष्यों व पशुओं के लिये उपयोगी औषधियों एवं औषधालयों की व्यवस्था की थी।
अपने साम्राज्य की सीमाओं की सुरक्षा तथा दक्षिण भारत से व्यापार की इच्छा हेतु अशोक ने 261 ई.पू. में कलिंग पर आक्रमण किया। युद्ध बहुत भीषण हुआ। इस युद्ध में अशोक को विजय हासिल हुई। जिसका विवरण अशोक के तेरहवें शिलालेख में अंकित है। विजयी होने के बावजूद अशोक इस जीत से खुश नही हुआ क्योंकि इस युद्ध में नरसंहार का ऐसा तांडव हुआ जिसे देखकर अशोक का मन द्रविभूत हो गया।
युद्ध की भीषणता का दिलो-दिमाग पर ऐसा असर हुआ कि अशोक ने युद्ध की नीति का सदैव के लिये त्याग कर दिया। उसने दिग्विजय की जगह धम्म विजय को अपनाया। उसने अपने कर्मचारियों को आदेश दिया कि कलिंग की जनता के साथ पुत्रवत् व्यवहार किया जाये तथा सभी के साथ न्यायपूर्ण व्यवहार हो। उसने अपने आदेश को शिलालेख पर लिखवाया। ये आदेश धौली व जोगदा शिलालेखों पर अंकित है। कलिंग के युद्ध के बाद सम्राट अशोक के व्यवहार में अद्भुत परिवर्तन हुआ और कलिंग युद्ध उसका अंतिम सैन्य अभियान था। अशोक की इस शान्ति प्रिय निती ने उसे अमर बना दिया।
अशोक ने अपने शासन काल में बंदियों की स्थिति में भी सुधार किये। उसने वर्ष में एक बार कैदियों को मुक्त करने की प्रथा का प्रारंभ किया था। अशोक ने राज्य का स्थाई रूप से दौरा करने के लिये व्युष्ट नामक अधिकारी नियुक्त किये थे। कलिंग विजय के पश्चात अशोक का साम्राज्य विस्तार बंगाल की खाड़ी तक हो गया था। नेपाल तथा कश्मीर भी मगध राज्य में थे। दक्षिण में पन्नार नदी तक साम्राज्य विस्तृत था। उत्तर पश्चिम में अफगानिस्तान व बलूचिस्तान भी अशोक के साम्राज्य का हिस्सा था।
अशोक ने धम्म सम्बन्धी अपने सिद्धान्त को अपने अभिलेखों में अभिव्यक्त किया है।
प्रथम शिलालेख मे लिखा है-
“यज्ञ अथवा भोजन के लिये पशुओं की हत्या न करना ही उचित है।”
इसी के साथ अशोक ने माता-पिता, गुरु एवं बड़े बुजुर्गों का आदर सत्कार का संदेश भी शिलालेख पर अंकित करवाया। अशोक के धम्म प्रचार का मुख्य उद्देश्य समाज में शांति और सोहार्द की वृद्धी करना था।
उसने अपने पुत्र महेन्द्र और पुत्री संधमित्रा को श्री लंका में बौद्ध प्रचार के लिये भेजा अशोक द्वारा लिखवाये गये अधिकांश शिला-अभिलेख धम्म प्रचार के साधन थे।
अशोक के अधिकांश संदेश ब्रह्मी लिपि में हैं। कुछ अभिलेखों में खरोष्ठी तथा आरमेइक लिपि का भी प्रयोग हुआ है। सर्व प्रथम 1837 में जेम्स प्रिंसेप नामक विद्वान ने इसे पढने में सफलता हासिल की थी।
अशोक द्वारा लिखवाये अभिलेखों को चार भागों में विभाजित किया गया है, चौदह -शिलालेख, लघु-शिलालेख, स्तम्भ-शिलालेख तथा लघु-स्तम्भ शिलालेख। अशोक ने अपने शासनकाल में अनेक स्तंभ बनवाये थे उसमें से आज लगभग 19 ही प्राप्त हो सकें हैं। इनमें से हमारी संस्कृति की धरोहर अशोक स्तंभ को राष्ट्रीय चिन्ह के रूप में अंगीकार किया गया है। स्तंभ में स्थित चार शेर शक्ति, शौर्य, गर्व और आत्वविश्वास के प्रतीक हैं। अशोक स्तंभ के ही निचले भाग में बना अशोक चक्र आज राष्ट्रीय ध्वज की शान बढ़ा रहा है।

अशोक में कर्तव्यनिष्ठा का प्रबल भाव था। उसने घोषणां की थी कि,
 मैं जो कुछ भी पराक्रम करता हूँ, वह उस ऋण को चुकाने के लिये है, जो सभी प्राणियों का मुझपर है।
सम्राट अशोक की मृत्यु की तिथी एवं कारण को लेकर अनेक भ्रान्तियां हैं। कुछ इतिहासकारों के अनुसार अशोक की मृत्यु 232 ई.पू. में हुई थी।
इतिहासकार डॉ. राधाकुमुद मुखर्जी ने लिखा है कि, “राजाओं के इतिहास में अशोक की तुलना किसी अन्य राजा से नही कि जा सकती है।”
इतिहासकारों के अनुसार, अशोक चन्द्रगुप्त के समान प्रबल, समुन्द्र गुप्त के समान प्रतिभासम्पन्न तथा अकबर के समान निष्पक्ष था। चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य द्वारा भारत को एक राजनैतिक सूत्र में बाँधने के प्रयत्न को अशोक ने पूर्ण किया था। निःसंदेह अशोक एक महान शासक था। उसका आदर्श विश्व की महत्वपूर्ण आध्यात्मिक पूंजी है।
———–

सम्राट अशोक के बारे में कुछ रोचक तथ्य / Interesting Facts about Samrat Ashoka in Hindi

  • अशोक का पूरा नाम “अशोक वर्धन मौर्या” था। अशोक का अर्थ है – बिना शोक का यानि जिसे कोई दुःख न हो कोई पीड़ा न हो।
  • अशोक ने बाद में देवनंपिय पियदसी (Devanampiya Piyadasi) यानि “देवताओं का प्रिय और प्रेम से देखने वाला” की पदवी ले ली।
  • अपने भाइयों की हत्या, जिसमे सबसे बड़े भाई और बिन्दुसार के उत्तराधिकारी सुशीम की हत्या भी शामिल थी; के कारण अशोक का एक नाम चंड अशोक (Chanda Ashoka) भी पड़ा। जिसका अर्थ है बेरहम या निर्मम अशोक।
  • माना जाता है कि अशोक ने अपने सभी भाईयों की हत्या नहीं की और बहुत से भाइयों को जिसमे तिष्य नाम का एक छोटा भाई भी शामिल था, उन्हें मगध साम्राज्य के कई प्रान्तों का बागडोर सँभालने को दे दी।
  • 18 साल की उम्र में अशोक को उज्जैन के एक प्रान्त अवंती का वायसराय नियुक्त कर दिया गया था।
  • अशोक की पहली पत्नी देवी एक बौद्ध व्यापारी की पुत्री थी। जिससे अशोक को पुत्र महेंद्र और पुत्री संघमित्रा प्राप्त हुए। देवी कभी भी राजधानी पाटलिपुत्र नहीं गयी।
  • महेद्र और संघमित्रा को श्रीलंका में बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए उत्तरदायी माना जाता है।
  • तक्षशिला का विद्रोह दबाने के बाद अशोक की अगला राजा बनने की सम्भावना बढ़ गयी, जिससे परेशान होकर बड़े भाई सुशीम ने राजा बिन्दुसार द्वारा उसे दो साल के देश निकाला दिला दिया।
  • इस दौरान अशोल एक मछुआरे की पुत्री करूणावकि से मिला और उससे विवाह कर लिया। इस विवाह से उसे तिवाला नाम का पुत्र हुआ। शिलालेखों में बस इसी रानी का नाम मिलता है।
  • अशोक की प्रधान रानी का नाम असंध्मित्रा था जो एक राज-परिवार से थी और अपना पूरा जीवन प्रमुख रानी बन कर रही। हालांकि, इस रानी से अशोक को कोई संतान नहीं थी।
  • चक्रवर्ती सम्राट अशोक का शासन 40 वर्ष का था, जबकि उसके पिता का शाशन 25 वर्ष का और मौर्य वंश के पहले सम्राट चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य का शाशन काल 24 वर्ष का था।
  • कलिंग के युद्ध में 1 लाख से अधिक लोगों की मृत्यु ने अशोक को झकझोर दिया और तभी से वह शांति की तलाश में लग गया और धीरे-धीरे बौद्ध धर्म अपना लिया।
  • माना जाता है कि बौद्ध धर्म अपनाने से पहले अशोक भगवान् शिव का उपासक था।
  • अशोक का मानना था कि बौद्ध धर्म सिर्फ इंसानों के लिए ही नहीं बल्कि जानवरों और पेड़-पौधों के लिए भी हितकारी है और उसने बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार के लिए अपने धर्म प्रचारक श्रीलंका, नेपाल, सीरिया, अफ़ग़ानिस्तान, यूनान तथा  मिस्र  तक भेजे।
  • अशोक का साम्राज्य पुरे भारतीय उप महाद्वीप में फैला हुआ था। यह उस समय तक का सबसे बड़ा भारतीय साम्राज्य था जो उत्तर में हिन्दुकुश की श्रेणियों से लेकर दक्षिण में गोदावरी नदी के दक्षिण तथा मैसूर तक तथा पूर्व में बंगाल से पश्चिम में अफ़गानिस्तान तक पहुँच गया था।
  • अशोक के शासन काल में ही कई प्रमुख विश्वविद्यालयों की स्थापना की गयी, जिसमे तक्षशिला और नालंदा विश्वविद्यालय प्रमुख हैं।
  • तीसरी शताब्दी में सम्राट अशोक द्वारा बनाया गया मध्य प्रदेश में साँची का स्तूप आज भी एक प्रसिद्द पर्यटक स्थल है।
  • अशोक की मृत्यु के बाद मौर्य साम्राज्य लगभग ५० और वर्षों तक चला। इसके आखिरी शासक का नाम ब्रह्द्रत था जिसे 185 BCE में उसके जनरल पुष्यमित्र संगा ने मार डाला था।
  • अशोक स्तम्भ से लिए गए अशोक चक्र को भारत के राष्ट्रीय ध्वज में स्थान दिया गया है तथा चार शेरों वाले चिन्ह को राष्ट्रिय चिन्ह (national emblem) का सम्मान दिया गया है।

Sunday 24 September 2017

Be it on TV or the bedtime stories that our elders have told us while growing up, we've all been hooked by the Mahabharata at some point. The best part about the epic? The stories never run out. Just when you think you've got a fair idea of what goes on, you find a new backstory that takes you by surprise. Of course, one of the reasons behind this is the many, many versions and retellings that the epic lends itself to. This also means that the stories we're sharing with you may be entirely different according to another version! Do share those with us as well. Here are some lesser known stories that we found out!

1. First things first, Duryodhana's real name was Suyodhana.

And the rest of the clan was Sushaasana, Suchala and so on and not the Dusshaasana, Dusshala etc. that we are familiar with. They were all given nicknames to suit their bad reputation.

2. There is a reason why Duryodhana did not participate in Draupadi's swayamvara.

It's because he was already married to the princess of Kalinga, Bhanumati. He had promised her that he would never marry another, and he kept his word. Gotta give it to him for commitment!

3. Not all Kauravas were against the Pandavas in the war.

Two of Dhritarashtra's sons, Vikarna and Yuyutsu did not approve of Duryodhana's actions and had actually protested against Draupadi being staked in the game of dice.

4. Draupadi's brother was actually a reincarnation of Ekalavya.

Originally born to Vasudeva's brother Devashrava (which by the way makes him Krishna's cousin!), Ekalavya got lost in the forest and was subsequently brought up by the Nishada king Hiranyadhanu. He was killed by Krishna during Rukmini's abduction. However, to honour the great sacrifice Ekalavya made as guru dakshina , Krishna blessed him so that he can reincarnate and take revenge on Drona. Hence, Ekalavya was reincarnated as Draupadi's twin Dhrishtadyumna.

5. Shakuni's had a hidden agenda behind his evil plans.

The blind king Dhritarashtra had taken his wife Gandhari's entire family as prisoners, and treated them very badly. Obviously, the family was not pleased with this treatment. King Subala (Gandhari's father) decided that everyone would sacrifice their share of food to strengthen one chosen member who will be the reason for Dhritarashtra's downfall. Shakuni, the youngest and smartest of the lot was chosen for this task.

6. Barbarik, son of Ghatotkacha, had a unique power, which made Krishna ask him for his head in charity.

Bheema's grandson (Ghatotkacha's son), Barbarik was supposed to be a great warrior. By Lord Shiva's blessings, he had special arrows by which he could mark his enemies, mark the ones he wanted to save, and then destroy all his enemies respectively. Thanks to this, he could have ended the war in one minute flat. Krishna however, knew better than to let this happen. Because of an oath to his mother, Barbarik always fought for the weaker side. Krishna appeared to him as a Brahmana, and reasoned that whichever side he took would by default be stronger. That way he would have to keep changing parties till everyone got killed. Krishna then asked for his head in charity because the battlefield must be purified before battle by sacrificing the head of the bravest kshatriya. Barbarik obliged and became the greatest Kshatriya alive. That is how Krishna saved the Pandavas from losing the battle.

7. Bhishma was the only legitimate heir to the throne.

So let's rewind the story a little bit. First, there was King Shantanu, who married Ganga, who gave birth to eight sons (who were all actually Devas cursed to be born on Earth). Yes? So Ganga managed to kill the first seven, freeing them from their curse. King Shantanu intervened as she was about to kill the eighth one, saving the only remaining son, who we know as Bhishma.

8. Bhishma's real name was Devavrata.

When Devavrata was a young man, his father Shantanu went on a hunt, and fell in love with a local fisherwoman, Satyavati. However, Satyavati's father lay down a tough condition - he would only let him marry her if her sons became heirs to his throne. Shantanu returned to his kingdom heartbroken. Devavrata, unable to see his father in this sad state went to persuade Satyavati to marry his father, offering to step aside as the heir. Satyavati was not satisfied. Even if he steps down, she argued, his sons may claim the throne later. So, Devavrata took a vow never to marry or reproduce and came to be known as Bhishma (Terrible).

9. The author of Mahabharata is also a character in the epic!

Yes, yes, we all know that there was no one writer who put the Mahabharata together. But as per the story, Satyavati had a son with Sage Parashara before her marriage to King Shantanu. Before giving into the sage's advances, Satyavati exacted three wishes out of him; one of which was that the son born of their union be famous as a great sage. Soon after, Satyavati gave birth on an island in Yamuna. This son was called Krishna-Dwaipayana, later known as Vyasa - compiler of the Vedas and author of the Puranas and the Mahabharata .

10. In fact, he's the same guy who fathered Dhritarashtra and Pandu/ set the ball rolling!

So Bhishma pledged that he will never have children. Now here's the thing, Satyavati's two sons with Shantanu died too early. So, Satyavati was left with their two childless widows, Bhishma, and an empty throne. Solution? Satyavati called her other son Vyasa, the same Krishna-Dwaipayana-Vyasa who wrote the Mahabharata to impregnate her two widowed daughter-in-laws. Ambika gave birth to Dhritarashtra, and Ambalika gave birth to Pandu. Mind = blown.
This article was inspired by a Quora post.


Popular Posts