Some Of Rare Facts and Information About Maharana Pratap Singh

As per the demand of our visitors we have collected some facts about Maharana Pratap from various websites. These details may or may not be correct but because some of our visitors desperately wanted these facts so, we have collected it for them. So, below are some facts about Maharana Pratap.


Maharana Pratap's Height  :   7ft 5 inches 
Weight of Maharana Pratap's Bhala(  Javelin/Spear )  :   80 Kg 
Weight of Maharana Pratap’s Armor  :    72 Kg 
Weight of Maharana Pratap’s Shoes  :   5 kg shoe each 
Weight of his two swords  :   25 kg each 

नाम - कुँवर प्रताप जी (श्री महाराणा प्रताप सिंह जी)
जन्म - 9 मई, 1540 ई.
जन्म भूमि - कुम्भलगढ़, राजस्थान
पुण्य तिथि - 29 जनवरी, 1597 ई.
पिता - श्री महाराणा उदयसिंह जी
माता - राणी जीवत कँवर जी
राज्य - मेवाड़
शासन काल - 1568-1597ई.
शासन अवधि - 29 वर्ष
वंश - सुर्यवंश
राजवंश - सिसोदिया
राजघराना - राजपूताना
धार्मिक मान्यता - हिंदू धर्म
युद्ध - हल्दीघाटी का युद्ध
राजधानी - उदयपुर
पूर्वाधिकारी - महाराणा उदयसिंह
उत्तराधिकारी - राणा अमर सिंह

अन्य जानकारी -
महाराणा प्रताप सिंह जी के पास एक सबसे प्रिय घोड़ा था,जिसका नाम 'चेतक' था।

राजपूत शिरोमणि महाराणा प्रतापसिंह उदयपुर,मेवाड़ में सिसोदिया राजवंश के राजा थे।

वह तिथि धन्य है, जब मेवाड़ की शौर्य-भूमि पर मेवाड़-मुकुटमणि राणा प्रताप का जन्म हुआ।

महाराणा का नाम इतिहास में वीरता और दृढ़ प्रण के लिये अमर है।

महाराणा प्रताप की जयंती विक्रमी सम्वत् कॅलण्डर के अनुसार प्रतिवर्ष ज्येष्ठ, शुक्ल पक्ष तृतीया को मनाई जाती है।

महाराणा प्रताप के बारे में कुछ रोचक जानकारी:-

1. महाराणा प्रताप एक ही झटके में घोड़े समेत दुश्मन सैनिक को काट डालते थे।

2. जब इब्राहिम लिंकन भारत दौरे पर आ रहे थे तब उन्होने अपनी माँ से पूछा कि हिंदुस्तान से आपके लिए क्या लेकर आए| तब माँ का जवाब मिला- "उस महान देश की वीर भूमि हल्दी घाटी से एक मुट्ठी धूल लेकर आना जहाँ का राजा अपनी प्रजा के प्रति इतना वफ़ादार था कि उसने आधे हिंदुस्तान के बदले अपनी मातृभूमि को चुना " लेकिन बदकिस्मती से उनका वो दौरा रद्द हो गया था | "बुक ऑफ़ प्रेसिडेंट यु एस ए 'किताब में आप यह बात पढ़ सकते हैं |

3. महाराणा प्रताप के भाले का वजन 80 किलोग्राम था और कवच का वजन भी 80 किलोग्राम ही था| कवच, भाला, ढाल, और हाथ में तलवार का वजन मिलाएं तो कुल वजन 207 किलो था।

4. आज भी महाराणा प्रताप की तलवार कवच आदि सामान उदयपुर राज घराने के संग्रहालय में सुरक्षित हैं |

5. अकबर ने कहा था कि अगर राणा प्रताप मेरे सामने झुकते है तो आधा हिंदुस्तान के वारिस वो होंगे पर बादशाहत अकबर की ही रहेगी| लेकिन महाराणा प्रताप ने किसी की भी अधीनता स्वीकार करने से मना कर दिया |

6. हल्दी घाटी की लड़ाई में मेवाड़ से 20000 सैनिक थे और अकबर की ओर से 85000 सैनिक युद्ध में सम्मिलित हुए |

7. महाराणा प्रताप के घोड़े चेतक का मंदिर भी बना हुआ है जो आज भी हल्दी घाटी में सुरक्षित है |

8. महाराणा प्रताप ने जब महलों का त्याग किया तब उनके साथ लुहार जाति के हजारो लोगों ने भी घर छोड़ा और दिन रात राणा कि फौज के लिए तलवारें बनाईं| इसी समाज को आज गुजरात मध्यप्रदेश और राजस्थान में गाढ़िया लोहार कहा जाता है| मैं नमन करता हूँ ऐसे लोगो को |

9. हल्दी घाटी के युद्ध के 300 साल बाद भी वहाँ जमीनों में तलवारें पाई गई। आखिरी बार तलवारों का जखीरा 1985 में हल्दी घाटी में मिला था |

10. .महाराणा प्रताप को शस्त्रास्त्र की शिक्षा "श्री जैमल मेड़तिया जी" ने दी थी जो 8000 राजपूत वीरों को लेकर 60000 मुसलमानों से लड़े थे। उस युद्ध में 48000 मारे गए थे जिनमे 8000 राजपूत और 40000 मुग़ल थे |

11. महाराणा के देहांत पर अकबर भी रो पड़ा था |

12. मेवाड़ के आदिवासी भील समाज ने हल्दी घाटी में अकबर की फौज को अपने तीरो से रौंद डाला था वो महाराणा प्रताप को अपना बेटा मानते थे और राणा बिना भेदभाव के उन के साथ रहते थे| आज भी मेवाड़ के राजचिन्ह पर एक तरफ राजपूत हैं तो दूसरी तरफ भील |

13. महाराणा प्रताप का घोड़ा चेतक महाराणा को 26 फीट का दरिया पार करने के बाद वीर गति को प्राप्त हुआ | उसकी एक टांग टूटने के बाद भी वह दरिया पार कर गया। जहाँ वो घायल हुआ वहां आज खोड़ी इमली नाम का पेड़ है जहाँ पर चेतक की मृत्यु हुई वहाँ चेतक मंदिर है |

14. राणा का घोड़ा चेतक भी बहुत ताकतवर था उसके मुँह के आगे दुश्मन के हाथियों को भ्रमित करने के लिए हाथी की सूंड लगाई जाती थी । यह हेतक और चेतक नाम के दो घोड़े थे|

15. मरने से पहले महाराणा प्रताप ने अपना खोया हुआ 85 % मेवाड फिर से जीत लिया था । सोने चांदी और महलो को छोड़कर वो 20 साल मेवाड़ के जंगलो में घूमे |

16. महाराणा प्रताप का वजन 110 किलो और लम्बाई 7'5" थी, दो म्यान वाली तलवार और 80 किलो का भाला रखते थे हाथ में।

महाराणा प्रताप के हाथी की कहानी:

मित्रो आप सब ने महाराणा प्रताप के घोड़े चेतक के बारे में तो सुना ही होगा, लेकिन उनका एक हाथी भी था। जिसका नाम था रामप्रसाद। उसके बारे में आपको कुछ बाते बताता हुँ।

रामप्रसाद हाथी का उल्लेख अल- बदायुनी, जो मुगलों की ओर से हल्दीघाटी के युद्ध में लड़ा था ने अपने एक ग्रन्थ में किया है।

वो लिखता है की जब महाराणा प्रताप पर अकबर ने चढाई की थी तब उसने दो चीजो को ही बंदी बनाने की मांग की थी एक तो खुद महाराणा और दूसरा उनका हाथी रामप्रसाद।

आगे अल बदायुनी लिखता है की वो हाथी इतना समझदार व ताकतवर था की उसने हल्दीघाटी के युद्ध में अकेले ही अकबर के 13 हाथियों को मार गिराया था

वो आगे लिखता है कि उस हाथी को पकड़ने के लिए हमने 7 बड़े हाथियों का एक चक्रव्यूह बनाया और उन पर 14 महावतो को बिठाया तब कहीं जाकर उसे बंदी बना पाये।

अब सुनिए एक भारतीय जानवर की स्वामी भक्ति। उस हाथी को अकबर के समक्ष पेश किया गया जहा अकबर ने उसका नाम पीरप्रसाद रखा। रामप्रसाद को मुगलों ने गन्ने और पानी दिया। पर उस स्वामिभक्त हाथी ने 18 दिन तक मुगलों का न तो दाना खाया और न ही पानी पिया और वो शहीद हो गया।

तब अकबर ने कहा था कि जिसके हाथी को मैं अपने सामने नहीं झुका पाया उस महाराणा प्रताप को क्या झुका पाउँगा। ऐसे ऐसे देशभक्त चेतक व रामप्रसाद जैसे तो यहाँ जानवर थे।

* महाराणा प्रताप एक ही झटके में घोडा समेत दुश्मन
सैनिको को काट डालते थे

Reference – Bahalol Khan challenged Maharana Pratap 

*जब इब्राहिम लिंकन भारत दौरे भी आ रहे थे तब उन होने उनकी माँ से पूछाकी हिंदुस्तान से क्यों लेकर आपके लिए। …तब माँ का जवाब मिला “उस महान देश की वीर भूमि हल्दी घाटी से एक मुट्टी धूल जहा का राजा अपने प्रजा के पति इतना वफ़ा दार था कि उसने आधे हिंदुस्तान के बदले आपनी मातृभूमि को चुना ” ….बड किस्मत से उनका वो दौरा रदद्ध हो गया था। “बुक ऑफ़ प्रेसिडेंट यु एस ए ‘ किताब में ये बात आप पढ़ सकते है। ..

Maharana Pratap Painting
*महाराणा प्रताप के भाले का वजन 80 किलो था और
कवच का वजन 80 किलो था और कवच
भाला,कवच,ढाल,और हाथ मे तलवार का वजन मिलाये तो 207 किलो

reference – http://rajputanas.com/rajput-history/facts-about-maharana-pratap/

*आज भी महा राणा प्रताप कि तलवार कवच आदि सामान उदयपुर राज घराने के संग्रालय में सुरक्षित है

*अकबर ने कहा था कि अगर राणा प्रताप मेरे सामने झुकते है तो आदा हिंदुस्तान के वारिस वो होंगे पर बादशाहट अकबर कि रहेगी

*हल्दी घाटीकी लड़ाई में मेवाड़ से 20000 सैनिलथे और अकबर कि और से 85000 सैनिक

Maharana Pratap Battle of Haldighati

*राणाप्रताप के घोड़े चेतक का मंदिर भी बना जो आज हल्दी घटी में सुरक्षित है

*महाराणा ने जब महलो का त्याग किया तब उनके साथ लुहार जाति के हजारो लोगो ने भी घर छोड़ा और दिन रात राणा कि फोज के लिए तलवारे बनायीं इसी समाज को आज गुजरात मध्यप्रदेश और राजस्थान में गड़लिया लोहार कहा जाता है नमन है ऐसे लोगो को

Maharana Pratap Painting
Maharana Pratap  life in haldighati
*हल्दी घाटी के युद्ध के 300 साल बाद भी वह जमीनो में तलवारे पायी गयी। … आखिरी बार तलवारों का जखीरा 1985 हल्दी घाटी के में मिला

*महाराणा प्रताप अस्त्र शत्र कि शिक्सा जैमल मेड़तिया ने दी थी जो 8000 राजपूतो को लेकर 60000 से लड़े थे। …. उस युद्ध में 48000 मारे गए थे जिनमे 8000 राजपूत और 40000 मुग़ल थे

*राणा प्रताप के देहांत पर अकबर भी रो पड़ा था

Statue of Maha Rana Pratap udaipur

*राणा का घोडा चेतक भी बहुत ताकत वर था उसके मुह के आगे हाथी कि सूंड लगाई जाती थी

Maharana Pratap and Chetak
*मेवाड़ के आदिवासी भील समाज ने हल्दी घाटी में अकबर कि फोज को आपने तीरो से रोंद डाला था वो राणाप्रताप को अपना बेटा मानते थे और राणा जी बिना भेद भाव के उन के साथ रहते थे आज भी मेवाड़ के राज चिन्ह पैर एक तरह राजपूत है तो दूसरी तरह भील

*राणा का घोडा चेतक महाराणा को 26 फीट का दरिआ पार करने के बाद वीर गति को प्राप्त हुआ।उसकी एक टांग टूटने के बाद भी वो दरिआ पर कर गया। जहा वो घायल हुआ वहाआज खोड़ी इमली नाम का पेड़ है जहा मारा वह मंदिर । हेतक और चेतक नाम के दो घोड़े थे

*मरने से पहले महाराणा ने खोया हुआ 85 % मेवार फिर से जीत लिया था

Bravery of Maharana Pratap
*सोने चांदी और महलो को छोड़ वो 20 साल मेवाड़ के जंगलो में घूमने

*महाराणा प्रताप का वजन 110 किलो… और लम्बाई – 7’5” थी…..
दो मियां वाली तलवार और 80 किलो का भाला रखते थे हाथ में.

*मेवाड़ राजघराने के वारिस को एक लिंग जी भगवन का दीवान माता जाता है।

*छत्रपति शिवाजी भी मूल रूप से मेवाड़ से तलूक रखते थे वीर शिवा जी के पर दादा उदैपुर महा राणा के छोटे भाई थे

*अकबर को अफगान के शेख रहमुर खान ने कहा था अगर तुम राणा प्रताप और जयमल मेड़तिया को मिला दो अपने साथ तोह तुम्हे विश्व विजेता बन्ने से कोई नहीं रोक सकता पर इन दो वीरो ने जीते जी कबि हार नहीं मानी।

*नेपाल का राज परिवार भी चित्तोर से निकला है दोनों में भाई और खून का रिश्ता है

*मेवाड़ राजघराना आज भी दुनियाका सबसे प्राचीन राजघराना है उस के बाद जापान का है

*rana pratap ke purvaj Rana Sanga ne akabar k dada babar se khanwa me yudh lada tha or rana pratap ne akabar se or rana k bete amar singh ne janghir ko sandhi k liye majboor kiya tha or aapne 15 saalo k raaj me pura Mewar apne kabje me le liye tha

*haldighati se 40 KM dur ranakpur k jungel me aaj bhi rana pratap k senapati rana jhala ki chatri bani huyi hai jaha unhe veer gati prapt huyi hai

Painting of Maharana Pratap
Maharana Pratap  in jungle
*rana prtap k saath afgan k teer chalane wale 2000 pathan bhi the jo ladai shuru hone k 2 ghante baad maidan chod gaye the

*mewar ki or se rana pratap ki ek tukdi ki leadership ek saache musalman ne ki thi usko or uske pariwar ko maharana ne muglo se bachaya tha or mewer me panah di thi

*maharana pratap k bete amar singh ne akabar or muglo ki begumo ko malwa k pass se ek jung jeetne k baad kaid kr laye the …iska pata chalte rana ne un auroto ko samman sahit bhijwaya or 3 din vishit ahiti bana kar rakha is per amar singh ko kaafi samjhaya tha

*maharana prtap k saat mewar malwa or godwar k 100 se jayda thakur saat the

* ek waqt aisa bhi aaya tha jab rana pratap k bete amar chote the or jab wo gass ki roti kha rahe the tab ek billa amar singh k haat se wo gass ki roti le bhaga tha iss per geet bhi jo aaj bhi gaya jata hai “hare gass ki roti jad van bilado le bhagyo”

*aadwasi bheel samaj k log rana k maut k baad bhi unhe ghar ghar pujte rahe in kabilo ka sardar hamesha mewar k ranao ka saath deta aaya hai

*haldi ghati me itna khoon baha tha ki waha k nadiyo or jharno ka pani bhi laal ho gaya tha

or aant me sabi ko shukariya yaha tak padhne k liye
wo rana humare liye lada tha sirf or sirf apne desh k liye na rajput k liye na jat k liye na gurjar k liye na brahman k liye or na hi aapne Raj Sinhasan k liye…..

Jai Maharana….
mar kar bhi jo amar ho gaya wo rana wo maha rana


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References: 

http://rajputanas.com/rajput-history/facts-about-maharana-pratap/

http://travel.sulekha.com/maharana-pratap-of-mevar_travelogue_559149

http://www.ariseindiaforum.org/glories-of-maharana-pratap-singh/#sthash.3e0r3Byb.dpuf

http://www.ariseindiaforum.org/glories-of-maharana-pratap-singh/

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History of Kumari Kandam (Lemuria continent (குமரிக்கண்டம்)) - Full Research

Most people are familiar with the story of Atlantis, the legendary sunken city as described by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Till this day, opinion is still divided as to whether this story should be understood literally or taken merely as a morality tale. Further east in the subcontinent of India is a similar tale, though it probably is less well known compared to that of Atlantis. This is the ‘lost continent’ of Lemuria, frequently connected to the legend of Kumari Kandam by speakers of the Tamil language.

The term Lemuria has its origins in the latter part of the 19 th century. The English geologist Philip Sclater was puzzled by the presence of lemur fossils in Madagascar and India but not in mainland Africa and the Middle East. Thus, in his 1864 article entitled ‘The Mammals of Madagascar’, Sclater proposed that Madagascar and India were once part of a larger continent, and named this missing landmass ‘Lemuria’. Sclater’s theory was accepted by the scientific community of that period as the explanation of the way lemurs could have migrated from Madagascar to India or vice versa in ancient times. With the emergence of the modern concepts of continental drift and plate tectonics, however, Sclater’s proposition of a submerged continent was no longer tenable. Yet, the idea of a lost continent refused to die, and some still believe that Lemuria was an actual continent that existed in the past.

One such group is the Tamil nationalists. The term Kumari Kandam first appeared in the 15 th century Kanda Puranam, the Tamil version of the Skanda Puranam. Yet, stories about an ancient land submerged by the Indian Ocean have been recorded in many earlier Tamil literary works. According to the stories, there was a portion of land that was once ruled by the Pandiyan kings and was swallowed by the sea. When narratives about Lemuria arrived in colonial India, the country was going through a period when folklore was beginning to permeate historic knowledge as facts. As a result, Lemuria was quickly equated with Kumari Kandam.

The story of Kumari Kandam is not regarded as just a story, but seems to be laden with nationalistic sentiments. It has been claimed that the Pandiyan kings of Kumari Kandam were the rulers of the whole Indian continent, and that Tamil civilisation is the oldest civilisation in the world. When Kumari Kandam was submerged, its people spread across the world and founded various civilisations, hence the claim that the lost continent was also the cradle of human civilisation.

So, how much truth is there in the story of Kumari Kandam? According to researchers at India’s National Institute of Oceanography, the sea level was lower by 100 m about 14,500 years ago and by 60 m about 10,000 years ago. Hence, it is entirely possible that there was once a land bridge connecting the island of Sri Lanka to mainland India. As the rate of global warming increased between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago, the rising sea levels resulted in periodic flooding. This would have submerged prehistoric settlements that were located around the low-lying coastal areas of India and Sri Lanka. Stories of these catastrophic events may have been transmitted orally from one generation to another and finally written down as the story of Kumari Kandam.

One piece of evidence used to support the existence of Kumari Kandam is Adam’s Bridge (also called Rama’s Bridge), a chain of limestone shoals made up of sand, silt and small pebbles located in the Palk Strait extending 18 miles from mainland India to Sri Lanka.  This strip of land was once believed to be a natural formation, however, others argue that images taken by a NASA satellite depict this land formation to be a long broken bridge under the ocean's surface.

The existence of a bridge in this location is also supported by another ancient legend.  The Ramayana tells the tale of Sita, Rama’s wife, being held captive on the island of Lanka. Rama commissions a massive building project to construct a bridge to transport his army of Vanara (ape men) across the ocean to Lanka.

As with most so-called myths, it seems likely that there is at least some truth to the ancient Tamil legends of Kumari Kandam, but just how much, is yet to be determined.

“Lot of research were conducted by many european researchers”

1. Few researchers State this was the place where the first Human came to birth.
2. 30,000 years BC Pandians Ruled this region.
3. It consisted of 49 Countries.
4. Kumari Kandam had high resourceful Rivers named, Paleru and Kumari.
5. Two Mountain regions named Kumari and Mani Mountains.
6. The Largest economically developed Cities were Then Madurai and Kabalapuram.
7. Pandiyans Ruled this entire region.

8. The First Three Tamil Sangam took place in this region.

9. Most of the Top Tamil Liturature were written in this region like “Purananooru, Kalarivezhi Agathiyam, Thollkapiyam, Agananooru, Naaladiyarr, Thirukural etc.. “

10. Because of a big Flood or Global warming during its Golden Period the Continent sunk.

There was many debates to prove it, Some stated this a fake hoax but few managed to prove :

this following content was taken from jaiRajkumar ( இரா இராச குமார்),’s answer on Kumari kandam’s Myth :

The Lemuria proved by the research team by Lewis Ashwal(geologist).

The lost continent (Lemuria-kumari kandam of Tamil world) which is the world's oldest place ever.

The Recent proof:http://www.wits.ac.za/news/lates...

WE URGE OUR GOVT SHOULD SUPPORT THIS PROJECT TO EXCAVATE LEMURIA

EVEN mr.ORSSIA BALU did many studies regard that existence of kumari kandam under the India ocean region on tip of the Tamil Nadu coast

Researched on the Kalinga-Tamil relationship was the beginning which became his passion for research into the Tamil history.

His present research area is ‘Culture through Geography.Going beyond the emotional approach to the existence of Lemuria, Balasubramani , in addition to the study of literary references, conducts experiments on the Tamil coast making use of the traditional knowledge of the coastal community.

He claims, which is important, that the traditional sailors and fishermen have a lot to contribute towards our knowledge of navigation , tsunamis and how transgression and regression in the Tamil Nadu coast had affected history, society and livelihoods.

WE HAVE MANY LITERATURE EVIDENCE ABOUT kumari kandam

Tamil’s forefather Tevaneyap pavanar was spreading truth about existence of kumari kandam history.
In his view the Tamil language originated in "Lemuria" (இலெமூரியா Ilemūriyā), the cradle of civilisation and place of origin of language. He believed that evidence of Tamil's antiquity was being suppressed by Sanskritists.

Tevaneyap Pavanar's timeline for the evolution of mankind and Tamil is as follows:

• ca. 500,000 BC: origin of the human race,
• ca. 200,000 to 50,000 BC: evolution of "the Tamilian or Homo Dravida[4]",
• c. 200,000 to 100,000 BC, beginnings of Tamil
• c. 100,000 to 50,000 BC, growth and development of Tamil,
• 50,000 BC: Kumari Kandam civilisation
• 20,000 BC: A lost Tamil culture on Easter Island which had an advanced civilisation
• 16,000 BC: Lemuria submerged
• 6087 BC: Second Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king
• 3031 BC: A Chera prince wandering in the Solomon Islands saw wild sugarcane and started cultivation in Tamil Nadu.
• 1780 BC: The Third Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king
• 7th century BC: Tolkappiyam, the earliest extant Tamil grammar

In the 19th century, a section of the European and American scholars speculated the existence of a submerged continent called Lemuria, to explain geological and other similarities between Africa, Australia, India and Madagascar.

A section of Tamil revivalists adapted this theory, connecting it to the Pandyan Kingdom of lands lost to the ocean, as described in ancient Tamiland Sanskrit literature. Here is an instance of sanskrit literature about kumari kandam recorded in English:

According to these writers, an ancient Tamil civilization existed on Lemuria, before it was lost to the sea in a catastrophe. In the 20th century, the Tamil writers started using the name "Kumari Kandam" to describe this submerged continent.

The Lemuria theory remained popular among the Tamil revivalists of the 20th century. According to them, Kumari Kandam was the place where the first two Tamil literary academies (sangams) were organized during the Pandyan reign. They claimed Kumari Kandam as the cradle of civilization to prove the antiquity of [Tamil language] and culture.

Multiple ancient and medieval Tamil and Sanskrit works contain legendary accounts of lands in South India being lost to the ocean.The earliest explicit discussion of a katalkol("seizure by ocean", possibly tsunami) of Pandyan land is found in a commentary on Iraiyanar Akapporul. This commentary, attributed to Nakkeerar, is dated to the later centuries of the 1st millennium CE. It mentions that the Pandyan kings, an early Tamil dynasty, established three literary academies (Sangams): the first Sangam flourished for 4,400 years in a city called Tenmaturai (South Madurai) attended by 549 poets (including Agastya) and presided over by gods like Shiva, Kubera and Murugan. The second Sangam lasted for 3,700 years in a city called Kapatapuram, attended by 59 poets (including Agastya, again). The commentary states that both the cities were "seized by the ocean", resulting in loss of all the works created during the first two Sangams. The third Sangam was established in Uttara(North) Madurai, where it is said to have lasted for a decade of years.

Nakkeerar's commentary does not mention the size of the territory lost to the sea. The size is first mentioned in a 15th-century commentary on Silappatikaram. The commentator Adiyarkunallar mentions that the lost land extended from Pahruli river in the north to the Kumari river in the South.

You can also watch Kandam (2016), a Tamil Canadian/Sri Lankan film directed by Pras Lingam. The film is based on the premise of the existence of the continent of Kumari Kandam and the prevalence of Tamil civilization in antediluvian times.

Kumari Kandam appeared in The Secret Saturdays episodes "The King of Kumari Kandam" and "The Atlas Pin". This version is a city on the back of a giant sea serpent with its inhabitants all fish people.

Kumari Kandam appeared on Season Two, Episode Three of the History Channel television show Ancient Aliens.

Changes in southern India

It is possible to demarcate the land lost to the sea in the south of India from postglacial inundation maps that indicate the significant changes in the coastline.

The author has prepared inundation maps on the basis of bathymetric contours and the sea-level curve for the central west coast to work out the configuration of the coastline south of India since the last Ice Age. This study shows that about 14,500 years ago the sea level was lower by approximately 100 m than the present sea level. The land between the present coast and the bathymetric contour of 100 m roughly was the land that was exposed during that time.

In other words, hypothetically, if a 100 m column of sea water were to be removed, the land that went under water would be exposed. At that time the present Gulf of Mannar was a landmass of 36,000 sq. km connecting Sri Lanka with peninsular India and the coast was wider by about 80 km to the east, south and west of present-day Cape Comorin exposing a triangular mass of 6,500 sq. km adjoining the Cape. The coastline was 25-35 km wider than the present near Cuddalore and about 25 km wider near Colombo.

Global warming

The increased rate of global warming between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago saw the sea level rise almost 50 m, inundating low-lying lands and covering a major part of the exposed continental shelf. About 10,000 years ago, the sea level was about 50 m lower than the present sea level. At that time, the land extended about 25 km south of the Cape and the coast was about 40 km broader than the present coastline along the east and the west, which exposed about 1,000 sq km of land near Cape Comorin. Rameswaram and Mannar were joined by land and the land that extended in the present-day Gulf of Mannar was a 2,500-sq km stretch marked by sedimentary formations and coral reefs.

AN INUNDATION MAP by S.C. Jayakaran. He prepared the map on the basis of bathymetric contours and the sea-level curve for the central west coast to work out the configuration of the coastline south of India since the last Ice Age. It shows that about 14,500 years ago the sea level was lower by about 100 m than the present. The land between the coast now and the bathymetric contour of 100 m was the land that was exposed then.

As the research of Rajiv Nigam indicated, sea levels continued to rise and reached the present level around 6,000 years ago. This is about the time Sri Lanka evolved as an island. Between 4,000 and 3,500 years ago, heavy rains, in addition to melting of snow, also contributed to the sea level rise. It rose by a couple of metres and fell to the present level about 2,000 years ago.

It is scientifically uncontested that the earliest Homo sapiens developed in Africa 100,000 to 200,000 years ago and migrated to Europe and Asia. Genetic evidence and fossil records of early human beings indicate that they came out of Africa as early as 100,000 to 60,000 years ago. Their descendants migrated to the Far East, probably along the coastal areas adjacent to the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal around the Indian peninsula, Sri Lanka and then north into China and south into Sumatra.

As the sea levels rose, resulting in periodic flooding and deluges, prehistoric settlements that were located in the low-lying coastal lands and the exposed continental shelf were inundated. The people who lived in the coastal area of the Indian peninsula and Sri Lanka and who escaped the deluges perpetuated the oral tradition of a lost land. It is my considered opinion that it is this development that gave rise to the legend of Kumari kandam.

References

Jayakaran, S. C., 2011`. The Lemuria Myth. [Online]
Available at: http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=archiveSearch&aid=20110422280809000&ais=08&avol=28

Mahalingam, N., 2010. Lemuria and Kumari Kandam. [Online]
Available at: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lemuria-and-kumari-kandam/article482101.ece

Parameswaran, N., 2005. Tamil civilisation - is it the oldest?. [Online]
Available at: http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=256

Wikipedia, 2014. Kumari Kandam. [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumari_Kandam

Wikipedia, 2014. Lemuria (continent). [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)

https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/lost-continent-kumari-kandam-001941

Jayakaran S.C.; ‘Lost Land and the Myth of Kumari Kandam'; Indian Folklore Research Journal; Vol.1 No.4.; National Folklore Support Centre, 2004; pages 90-108.

Stephen Oppenheimer; ‘Out of Eden: The peopling of the World'; Constable and Robinson Ltd., London, 2003.

Scott Elliot W.; ‘The Lost Lemuria' (1904); Kessinger Publishing Company, Montana, U.S., 1997; paperback.

Subrahmanian, N.; ‘The Tamils, their History, Culture and Civilisation'; Institute of Asian Studies, 1996.

Sumathi Ramaswamy; ‘Catastrophic Cartographies: Mapping the Lost Continent of Lemuria'; Representations 67; The Regents of the University of California, U.S., 1999.

Wishar S Cerve; ‘Lemuria – The Lost Continent of the Pacific' (1931); Supreme Grand Lodge of the Ancient & Mystical Order Rosae Crucis; published by the Grand Lodge of the English Language Jurisdiction, AMORC, Inc., 1997.

https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2808/stories/20110422280809000.htm

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1913 Liberty Head nickel ($3.7 million)

Wikimedia Commons

The 1913 nickel was pressed without the approval of the U.S. Mint, which had switched the five-cent piece’s design from that of lady Liberty to the profile of a Native American. Only five managed to make their way into the public domain, the most expensive of which was bought for $3.7 million—though it’s believed that if one were found in mint condition, it could be worth $20 million alone.

Legendary 1913 Liberty Nickel
King of 20th Century Coins

Olsen Specimen
Olsen-Farouk-Hydeman-Buss-Hawn
Hawaii Five-O Star
Most Famous of Five Known

1913 5C Liberty PR64 NGC.
The Olsen Specimen

Recently dubbed "The Mona Lisa of Rare Coins," the Olsen specimen is the second finest of just five known examples and is currently graded PR64 NGC. It was the first 1913 Liberty Head nickel offered for sale in a public auction, and the only specimen that professional numismatist B. Max Mehl ever handled, despite his extensive advertising campaign that promoted the famously rare coin. It also holds the record as the first coin to break the $100,000 price barrier in 1972, while another 1913 nickel, the Eliasberg specimen, became the first coin to break the $1,000,000 price barrier some 24 years later. It is certainly possible that a 1913 Liberty nickel, perhaps the Olsen specimen, will someday become the first coin to break the $10,000,000 price barrier.
Jeff Garrett and Ron Guth, authors of The 100 Greatest U.S. Coins, noted in the 2009 third edition that the Olsen specimen "has been viewed ... by more people than any other." In A Guide Book of Shield and Liberty Head Nickels, Q. David Bowers describes the Olsen specimen as the most famous of all 1913 Liberty Head nickels. "This particular coin is probably the most highly publicized of the five specimens," writes Bowers.
John Dannreuther considers it to be the second of five 1913 Liberty nickels struck. His detailed analysis, discussed later, indicates that the Smithsonian specimen was the first coin struck, followed by the Olsen specimen, and then the other three. Of those three coins (another specimen is in the ANA) in private hands today, the Olsen specimen was struck before the other two. A professional numismatist from Memphis, Tennessee, Dannreuther is well respected among his peers for his critical eye and careful reasoning. He was one of six numismatists chosen for the authentication team when the Walton specimen of the 1913 nickel reappeared in 2003, after a 40-year absence.
Describing it in his 1961 catalog of the Edwin Hydeman Collection, Abe Kosoff stated that it "is a superb coin, sharply struck, as choice a specimen as could possibly be attained. It has been handled with utmost care, a statement which, unfortunately, cannot be made of two of the pieces." In 1985 the Superior cataloger wrote that the coin has "a needle-sharp strike with partial wire rims and slightly prooflike surfaces; all overlaid with a uniform matte-like gray finish and completely free from nicks and scratches." Eight years later, Stack's offered the Olsen specimen as part of the Reed Hawn Collection, paraphrasing the earlier Superior description: "Pleasing and uniform matte gray surfaces free from disfiguring marks. Partially reflective prooflike surfaces and a needle-sharp strike with raised wire rims in places."
Bowers, himself once an owner of the Olsen specimen, calls it "a very nice coin in a lower Mint State classification." However, NGC and PCGS have both graded the coin PR64. While there is a difference of opinion among some about terminology, the difference between a Mint State designation and a proof designation for an issue with just five pieces known is moot.
Past owners of the Olsen specimen, beginning with Fred Olsen, include Egyptian King Farouk, department store owner Edwin Hydeman, Los Angeles Lakers owner Dr. Jerry Buss, Texas oilman and numismatist Reed Hawn, and Dwight Manley, distributor of the S.S. Central America treasure. The current owner desires anonymity, but would certainly hold his own with those before him. The provenance is impressive, and the next collector who owns this coin will be in good company. In Million Dollar Nickels, Ray Knight observes: "Owning one of these treasures automatically elevates the holder upon a pedestal of honor in the numismatic community."
The Olsen specimen is sharp and complete in its design definition. Every star on the obverse is fully defined, Liberty's hair detail is crisp, and the individual agricultural elements are sharp. Similarly, every element of the wreath on the reverse is bold, down to the individual kernels in each ear of corn. The surfaces are fully pleasing and attractive, with uniform surfaces that show exceptional mirrored reflectivity. The surfaces are pristine, without any marks. Only a slight matte appearance separates this piece from a full PR65 grade.
The current offering is only the 12th time that any 1913 Liberty Head nickel has been offered at public auction since their first auction appearance in November 1944.

A Starring Role

After the Olsen nickel broke the $100,000 price barrier, it became the "central character" of a Hawaii Five-O episode appropriately titled "The $100,000 Nickel." The genuine Olsen specimen was only used for the close-up shots during filming. For all other scenes the nickel had its own "stunt double."
Hawaii Five-O was a popular television police series starring Jack Lord as Steve McGarrett, the head of the elite state police unit in Hawaii. His partner and second in command was Danny "Danno" Williams, played by James MacArthur. Nearly every episode ended with McGarrett saying to Williams, "Book 'em, Danno." The series was broadcast on CBS from September 1968 to April 1980 and was filmed almost exclusively in Hawaii, one of the big draws for its fans.
The plot of "The $100,000 Nickel," originally aired on December 11, 1973, involved a coin convention and auction held at the Ilikai Hotel in Honolulu. A 1903 Liberty nickel was carefully altered to 1913 and used in a sleight-of-hand trick to steal the real 1913 nickel. Victor Buono played Eric Damien, a thief who orchestrates the robbery. With the switch detected before Damien can leave the hotel, he drops the coin into a vending machine, expecting to recover it later. Meanwhile, money from the vending machine was already collected, and a struggle ensued for the coin. That struggle resulted in coins being scattered over the ground, whereupon a young boy picked up the nickel and later spent it. Finally, after passing through many hands, the nickel was returned to its owner, apparently unharmed during its ordeal.
The publicity shot that is reprinted here shows Victor Buono inspecting the 1913 Liberty nickel. However, Buono is holding the magnifying glass between the nickel and the camera while he is inspecting the reverse of the coin.
Victor Charles Buono was born in San Diego, California, on February 3, 1938, and died in San Bernardino, California, on January 1, 1982. He was raised in San Diego and graduated from St. Augustine High School. His introduction to the performing arts came at the hand of his maternal grandmother, Myrtle Glied, a vaudeville performer. He first appeared on network TV in 1959. He also appeared in a number of movies, including Who's Minding the Mint?.

The King of 20th Century Coins

While the 1804 silver dollar rightfully holds the title The King of Coins, there is no doubt that the 1913 Liberty Head nickel is the King of 20th Century Coins. The 1913 nickel holds the number one position in the third edition of 100 Greatest U.S. Coins. Garrett and Guth comment: "Twenty years ago, if you asked any collector or dealer to name the three most valuable American coins, the response would most likely have been the following: 1804 Silver Dollar, 1894-S Dime, and 1913 Liberty Head Nickel. Today the 1913 Liberty Head nickel has taken the lead, gaining the top position in the 100 greatest U.S. coins." The dynamics of the rare coin market have changed in recent years. According to Garrett and Guth, the 1913 Liberty head nickel's "recent surge in popularity may be due in part to the publicity that has attended its last few appearances."
Each time a 1913 Liberty Head nickel breaks a previous price barrier, and it has happened twice with prices entering six figures and later seven figures, the fame of this rarity becomes even greater. A starring role in television increases its fame, as does each story, article, auction appearance, or book about the coin. It has even appeared in comic books and children's publications, such as Weekly Reader. Sprinkle in a little mystery, and the 1913 Liberty Head nickel makes its case as the most famous rarity in numismatics.

Sam Brown and His Nickels

Samuel W. Brown is considered the mastermind behind the 1913 Liberty Head nickels. Brown was employed at the Philadelphia Mint from December 1903 through November 1913, putting him at the right place and time. He was also the first person to make any reference to the possible existence of such coins, in the form of a small advertisement in the December 1919 issue of The Numismatist to purchase examples. Further, Brown was the first person to publicly share any of the coins in the form of a coin convention exhibit, just a few months later. Although circumstantial, the evidence points a finger directly at Sam Brown, likely with the assistance of one or more accomplices.
Brown worked as a clerk or storekeeper, according to his employment transcript, resigning to enter business for his own account. He was born in Brownstown, Pennsylvania, circa 1879, and died in North Tonawanda, New York, in June 1944. It seems that Brown was always well liked and respected. After resigning from the Mint, he relocated to North Tonawanda late in 1913, where he was associated with Wayne Fahnestock in the Frontier Chocolate Company. He was later associated with the Pierce-Brown Company and retired in 1924 at the age of 45. He was a Mason and a past master of Sutherland Lodge No. 826. Brown also served as district deputy grandmaster of the Niagara Orleans district and as a member of the Shrine club and the Ismailia temple. Serving several terms on the Board of Education, he was mayor of North Tonawanda in 1932 and 1933.
Ray Knight comments: "The mysterious Mr. Brown confounds understanding. Just when you think you have him pegged as a crafty, scheming thief, he conducts the rest of his life in what appears to be a completely exemplary manner."

The Hobbs Episode

The authors of Million Dollar Nickels observe: "The whole affair of the 1913 Liberty nickels would possibly never have come up--and the coins may never have been created--had it not been for The Hobbs Episode."
Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh had an opportunity to make a permanent mark on the U.S. coinage before his term expired in 1913. The nickel was the only coin whose design could be changed under the 25-year law that states coin designs must remain in production for 25 years before they can be changed. MacVeagh served as Secretary of the Treasury from March 8, 1909, to March 5, 1913. After seeing James Earle Fraser's designs for the Buffalo nickel, he awarded Fraser the commission. In his annual report, Mint Director George Roberts stated about the Buffalo design: "The coin is distinctively characteristic of America, and in its execution promises to take high artistic rank among the coinages of the world." Everything was coming along smoothly, and the Buffalo nickel was about to become a reality--until the Hobbs episode began.
Hobbs Manufacturing Company began business as a manufacturer of paper box machinery, originally in Lynn and Boston, relocating to Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1891. In 1910 the firm began production of vending machines for postage stamps, railroad ticket sales, and change-making.
Officials from Hobbs Manufacturing found the new Indian/Buffalo nickel entirely unsatisfactory, demanding change after change to the Fraser design. Fraser sent a set of Hobbs-approved models to Charles Barber, who received them on December 26, 1912. He went to work reducing them and preparing dies, with test strikes minted on January 7, 1913. Hobbs was still unsatisfied and demanded more changes. Another six weeks of meetings and changes took place until MacVeagh had had enough. He certainly wanted the Buffalo nickel released before his term expired, and a meeting with Hobbs representatives on February 15, 1913, put an end to the episode. MacVeagh advised Roberts to proceed with production of the new nickels, and production finally commenced on February 21. All of the delays provided an opportunity for a special coinage.

Production Fact and Fiction

Much of what we know or think we know about the 1913 Liberty Head nickel remains undocumented. It seems that factual accuracy has never been a concern of numismatists in the past. John Dannreuther sums up the problem: "Once a rumor is repeated and put into print, it becomes fact. When one person repeats it and the next guy repeats it and the next guy repeats it, it becomes absolute fact. Then it becomes part of numismatic lore." Fortunately, the approach of 21st century numismatic research is a fresh look at past lore and legends. Instead of assuming that a story is correct, current research is verifying the source material and eliminating the speculation.
There has been considerable discussion about how and when the 1913 Liberty nickels were made. The coins made their first public appearance in 1920, in the possession of Samuel W. Brown. Circumstantial evidence points to Brown, although it is unlikely that he actually struck the five coins himself. He was a clerk or storekeeper at the Mint, rather than a coiner or someone with knowledge of coin production. Brown almost certainly had one or more accomplices, but who were they?
In Million Dollar Nickels, the authors devote an entire chapter, "Covert Origins," to the mystery of their production. The truth may never be known, as the facts are most likely buried with those responsible. Some have speculated that the coins were made late in 1912, while others suggest early 1913, and some have even said that they could have been made as late as 1919, although the latter is highly improbable.
Lee Hewitt made several suggestions in the March 1958 issue of Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine:
1. They were struck to exchange for coins needed for the Mint cabinet.
2. The coiner and engraver were merely amusing themselves when they struck the coins.
3. They were struck exclusively for a wealthy collector.
Five years later in September 1963, Hewitt suggested they were die trials. Don Taxay responded that they were made expressly for Brown, and that they are fantasy pieces. In 1968, Clyde Mervis reported that the coins were die trials, and that a worker carelessly tossed the coins in a desk drawer where they remained for an unspecified period of time. David Bowers and Walter Breen have both mentioned possible accomplices. In the Eliasberg catalog, Bowers went so far as to suggest it may have been George Morgan.
There have been a number of individuals identified as possible accomplices, from engraver Charles Barber to assistant engraver George T. Morgan, numismatist Stephen Nagy who supposedly had ties to the Mint, to an unidentified security guard who was reportedly fired in 1918. In Million Dollar Nickels, the authors suggest that Brown may have been an accomplice for someone else. "A different angle must consider that Brown was not the mastermind of the deed that someone else put in motion and he was only a cog in the plan. He may only have assisted in the plot. He may not have even been present when the coins were struck but received them at a later time, perhaps much later."
The 1910 Federal Census provides us with names of two others who might have been accomplices, although we are now introducing further speculation. In 1910 Brown was a workman at the U.S. Mint, residing at the boarding house of Carrie Corn, at 1611 South Oxford St. Two other boarders at the same residence, Henry B. Shuman and a Mr. Wenger, were both machinists at the Mint. In 1920 Shuman was listed as a "counter of money" at the Mint, while Wenger is not further identified.
The most likely time of production was the last two weeks of 1912 or the first week of 1913. Before the December 13 order to do nothing about the 1913 nickels came from Mint Director Roberts, Mint employees would have no reason to think that 1913 Liberty Head nickels would be out of the ordinary. Within a week after the first of January, the dies would most likely have been destroyed. The actual dies were probably a pair intended for proof coin production, already given the special polishing necessary for proofs. The striking was rushed, as indicated by the reverse die that was loose in the press. Each of the five coins has a slightly different amount of detail on the reverse, and the difference is attributed to a reverse die that was not firmly seated in the coning press.
For nearly 90 years, everything that has been discussed about the origins of the 1913 Liberty Head nickels is pure speculation, or educated guess at the best. There are only a few facts to aid in a solution to the mystery:
1. Dies for 1913 Liberty nickels were made in the last two months of 1912. We know this as records show 10 sets of 1913 Liberty nickel dies were shipped to San Francisco on November 25, 1912. Philadelphia Mint proof dies would have been made about the same time.
2. Mint Director George Roberts told his staff on December 13, 1912, to do nothing about the five cent coinage until new designs are ready.
3. The first Buffalo nickels were coined on February 21, 1913.
4. Five different 1913 Liberty Head nickels exist, and each shows some degree of reflectivity or mirrored surface.
5. Samuel W. Brown first exhibited the coins in 1920, after advertising to purchase them in December 1919.
6. Brown worked at the Mint from 1903 until 1913, when he resigned in November.

Emission Sequence

Because the reverse die was not fully seated in the coin press and each coin has slightly diminished reverse detail, it is actually possible to determine with a high degree of accuracy the order that each coin was struck. That is exactly what John Dannreuther did on the night of July 30, 2003.
As part of the six-person authentication team studying all five 1913 Liberty nickels, Dannreuther compared the existing reverse detail on each coin. The key location is the bottom of the wreath, including the ribbon bow and the two ears of corn. The photographic evidence is more difficult to place in order than the actual coins, but clearly the Smithsonian, Olsen, and Eliasberg coins were struck before the Walton and McDermott coins. Dannreuther concluded that the Smithsonian coin was first, followed in order by the Olsen, Eliasberg, Walton, and McDermott specimens.

Early Provenance Period

Samuel Brown; August Wagner; Stephen K. Nagy (circa 1924); Wayte Raymond (circa 1924); Col. E.H.R. Green; Col. Green Estate (12/1941); Eric P. Newman and Burdette G. Johnson.

All five 1913 Liberty Head nickels remained together from the day they were made until 1943 when Eric Newman became the last collector to own the five coins. Different numismatic observers have varied opinions regarding the early provenance of the five coins. According to Knight: "It hasn't always been easy to figure who the owners really are. Constructing a reliable pedigree for the 1913 Liberty Head nickels becomes an article of faith for certain periods in the provenance records."
The name Samuel W. Brown appears at the beginning of every provenance record constructed for each of the five known 1913 nickels. Circumstantial evidence clearly points to Brown as the first owner of these nickels, although others were likely involved in their production. We do know that all five coins remained together for many years, from the day they were struck until Eric Newman dispersed them individually in the 1940s.
In his Guide Book to the series, Dave Bowers suggests that Stephen K. Nagy may have been involved as a Brown accomplice, and that Nagy retained ownership of the coins until 1924. Aside from mentioning personal conversations with Nagy, Bowers provides no other documentation.
August Wagner advertised the five coins for sale late in 1923 and early in 1924. It is unclear whether Wagner actually owned the coins at that time, or if he had them on consignment from the true owner.
Wayte Raymond handled the coins circa 1924, placing them with his most important client, Col. E.H.R. Green. Raymond was most likely a dealer intermediary in the transaction rather than an actual owner of the coins. Various sources give different dates for the transaction, normally between 1924 and 1926.
Colonel Edward Howland Robinson Green was the son of Hetty Green, the famous "Witch of Wall Street" who at one time was considered the richest woman in the world. Col. Green was an avid collector of many things. At one time, for example, he owned the entire sheet of "Inverted Jenny" airmail stamps, a philatelic rarity of noted fame. The coins passed into his estate in 1936 and remained there for several years.
Working with his mentor, Burdette G. Johnson, St. Louis collector Eric P. Newman acquired the five coins in December 1941 for $2,000. The total purchase price was less than Samuel Brown offered to pay for the coins in 1919.
Newman made the initial contact with executors of the Col. Green estate through his desire to acquire a rare U.S. demand note from St. Louis. The response was that he would have to buy all of the Missouri currency, which he did. He and B.G. Johnson formed a partnership to acquire additional portions of the Green Collection, eventually including all five 1913 Liberty Head nickels. Two of the coins were purchased on December 16, 1941, for $500 each, and the other three were purchased on December 29, 1941, for $333 each. The dates represent receipt of payment by the Green estate executors.
Newman retained the finest piece (the Eliasberg specimen) for his own collection and sold the other four through Johnson. Two pieces were sold to James Kelly on March 11, 1943, for $750 each, another was sold to Kelly on March 17, 1943, for $750, and one piece was sold to F.C.C. Boyd on April 22, 1943, for $1,000. Transaction dates are from copies of Johnson's original invoices in Newman's possession.

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